EOTO Reax: Propaganda

Propaganda is defined by the Oxford Dictionary as "information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view". Propaganda is usually thrown around to try and influence someone into changing their views or attitude to something else. Propaganda was first thrown around as a term in the the early 1900s, shortly after World War I began. The government would try and recruit soldiers by printing posters that made the army look like it was exciting. More and more posters would be made with the same topic in mind, that it was these men's duties to join, and that they would feel proud if they did and guilty or embarrassed if they didn't join. 

There are two different kinda of propaganda in the world, positive and negative. Positive propaganda is often used by the government to promote messages and healthy lifestyles. Advertisers make optimistic generalizations and employ uplifting imagery. During wars, propaganda can also be employed to encourage intergroup harmony, cooperation, and unification. Therefore, propaganda has a good side if it is employed to aid others and encourage social change for the better. Some examples of positive propaganda are messages about eating healthy, drunk driving, the effects of smoking, and many others. Below is a great ad from Fiat talking about drunk driving and it's effects if you get behind the wheel while intoxicated.

While positive propaganda promotes healthy living and making the right choices in life, negative propaganda is merely the opposite. It was used a lot in war to dehumanize and create hatred towards the enemy, by creating a false image of the enemy country or nation in the minds of the people. This type of propaganda can be used in many ways. The education system may encourage demeaning falsehoods about the past of a particular nation or group. An example of these techniques include the spreading of false material through the media. A good example of this could be what Hitler did with the Nazi's. The Nazi's were very skilled in making propaganda and using different kinds of advertising techniques to spread their message. Their main theme in their kind of propaganda was Anti-Jewish, and they would advertise in a lots of different ways, including in the theatre, in speeches, or even in art and education. 

Propaganda happens all through our daily lives now. It is all around us, and we really encounter it every day, with whether that's TV ads trying to persuade us to buy a product, a message talking about the effects of smoking, or even a political ad talking why you should vote about a candidate, or why they aren't the right person to be in government. I think it's something that a lot of people don't think about, and they don't think if a certain ad changed their mind about a certain topic or not.

Online Privacy In Our World

 When it comes to keeping our lives private on social media, I would say mostly everyone in our generation does a somewhat bad job at doing it. With all of us using different social media sites and posting on them about our lives and what we're doing and where we're going, this in general gives people a chance to find and look up what our lives are actually like. Like the life that we don't want to post on social media. Whether that is a credit score, criminal records, or different publications that you don't want people to know about. 

In Juan Enriquez's Ted Talk, he talks about how us posting on social media about our lives can be similar to "Electronic Tattoos". He goes on to talk about how all these social media sites and different technologies that we are using are going to be tracking us with what we do, when we do them, and they will stay on the internet forever. 

In Catherine Crump's Ted Talk, she talks about how the police forces in the United States are getting more equipment to track people in the town that they work in. She starts with talking about location information, where you can be tracked when going anywhere, from school, to work, to even reveal if you are going to a therapist or attend an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting. One example of the police using advanced technologies is the Automatic License Plate Reader. This device scans and takes pictures of any cars license plates that pass by, and the police keep these pictures in a database in case of wrongdoing.

Christopher Soghoian talks about in his Ted Talk about how the phones that we use every day were first wired for surveillance and to track us. He goes on to state that if someone was to be talking to someone on the phone, someone could be listening from your own government. The good thing though is that these Sillicon Valley companies have made it more increasingly difficult for any kind of surveillance to happen in their technologies. In fact, if you have an iPhone, Apple can't see the text messages you send to other to people or listen in to calls and video chats you have with other users. 

Darieth Chisholm talks about cyber harassment, and her experience with it from an ex-boyfriend of hers. She talks about how it all starts with when a relationship basically goes bad. To where an ex-lover who can't handle rejection uses technologies like their phones and laptops to post horrible things about that person, along with even pictures and videos just to get back at them. 

So, what exactly am I getting from all of this? What I learned from all of these Ted Talks talking about privacy online is that there is nothing any person can do at all to try and stay out of the light when it comes to staying private with their lives. No matter what, there will always be someone tracking what we're doing, where we are going, and when we do them. It infuriates me that we live in a world where us people can't have the simplest form of privacy, and to be honest, there really is nothing that we can do to fully make it stop. 

The Diffusion of Innovation Theory

 The Diffusion of Innovation Theory is a theory that looks and tries to explain why and how new technologies spread. The theory was created by a communication studies professor named Everett Rogers. Rogers made this theory popular is his book called the Diffusion of Innovations. In the book, he talks about how diffusion is the process by which innovation is communication over time among the participants in a social system. According to Rogers, the innovation itself, adopters, communication routes, time, and social structure are the five primary factors that affect how quickly a new concept spreads. Social capital is crucial to this process. To maintain itself, the innovation needs to be extensively used. There is a point where an innovation hits critical mass within the rate of adoption.

Let's now examine innovation using the Diffusion of Innovation Theory as our guide. The innovation I wanted to talk about is the television. The first concept of television was founded in 1927, by Philo Farnsworth. Farnsworth's idea was found when he thought of a program where he could capture moving images in a form that could be coded onto radio waves and then transformed back into a picture on a screen. A couple months, later Farnsworth created the first official image onto a television, which was just a straight white line. He was an "innovator", and other innovators were people who were people who worked with Farnsworth, like John Logie Baird and Charles Francis Jenkins. 

The next people who come along are the "early adopters". These early adopters are most likely the people who could afford them to try out back in the mid 1940s. Most of the televisions were on the eastern coast of the United States, with there being about 350,000 of them in total. By the end of the 1940s though is when the group known as the "early majority" comes in. By then, television in the United States was starting to gain popularity very quickly. You could also argue that the early majority could be when television was in its "Golden Age" back in the 1950s. 

After this would be the people in the "late majority" category. These would be counted as people who maybe didn't trust the television at first, and waited a few years before deciding to buy one. After this are the laggers. The laggers are the people who are the most difficult to convince to adopt new ideas or technologies; they are frequently most resistant to change. These people didn't want to change from for example the radio, and even if they do own a television, they don't use it very frequently.

History of the TIA

 

The Total Information Awareness Program is the definition of what the government is doing now in terms of trying to find and stealing people's information online. 

It was created in November of 2002, by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA, which is a branch of the Department of Defense that works with military research. It was headed by the former National Security Advisor and head of the Department of Defense, John Poindexter.  The program was intended to detect terrorists through analyzing tons and tons of information. The program in reality though was stealing tons of peoples information all around the world, and they were being placed in a "ultra-large-scale database", which was made available to government officials. As you can imagine, when this program was brought to light in the United States, citizens were furious. There were tons of reports calling for this program to be shut down. And to no ones surprise, the whole program was shut down after just ten months on September 30th, 2003.

The thing is though about the TIA, was that it was never actually discontinued.

Since the program was a government program, there were new programs made which simply provided another form of surveillance. One similar program that was made was called CAPS II. CAPS II would collect mass amounts of information about millions of Americans who would fly that year, and would create profiles about them. It is based on the same false assumptions that terrorism can be prevented by gathering massive amounts of data about everyone and then subjecting them to a virtual pursuit, which is why it has much more surface appeal when used in the context of airlines and has been presented in a much less threatening way.

In the last decade, the United States has seen a ginormous explosion in the amount of tracking and information of U.S. citizens, which really can be narrowed down to two deciding factors. The first one being technology. Modern technology has aided us in many revolutions by making our lives simpler, faster, and overall better. Smartwatches and smartphones are examples of multipurpose devices made possible by modern technology. Computers are now more powerful, portable, and faster than ever before. We have electric powered cars, along with even flying cars in some portions of the world. But with all this expanding technology comes other kinds that have made it a lot easier to track, store, and analyze information about us humans. Another reason is the amount of commercialization of data that has happened in recent years. Corporations have figured out that private information about customers are very valuable, and are trying to process how to make as much revenue as possible from this. This is why whenever customers want to buy something for example in a store, whenever they are checking out, they get the option to sign up for a certain loyalty card, or something along those lines. If those customers do in fact sign up, they get discounts or points to spend on other things, although the company is getting something much bigger than just that. They are getting tons of information about who you are and what you are like.

It's scary stuff what companies are doing nowadays with trying to figure out people's personal information just for more revenue. It overall has killed privacy in America, with basically every aspect of our lives being written down and catalogued for government officials. These government officials are ultimately going to abuse this power that they have against us, and us as citizens have nothing to do about it, apart from doing these simple things. Clear your search history, don't give any sketchy websites any personal information, and keep your passwords and other valuable information to yourself.

EOTO Technology

 The development of the smartphone can be traced back all the way to the 1990s. IBM engineer Frank Canova realized that with the pace that technology was advancing, chip-and-wireless technology was going to become possible in small handheld devices. Canova created a prototype called "Angler" while working at IBM, and showed it off at some of his computer industry trade shows, where he labeled it as "the phone of the future". Some of the features included a touchscreen, multiple apps like a calculator and an address book, and the battery life would last about one hour. The device was an immediate success, with Canova being shown on the front of the money section of USA Today, where he was pictured holding the phone. 

Although the phone Canova made was a great success, it would not be the most popular out of all the smartphones ever released. In 2007, Apple founder Steve Jobs came out with the first ever iPhone. Jobs would show off the first ever iPhone at the Macworld convention in San Francisco, California on January 9th. He had made two different models of the phone. One being a 4GB model priced at $499, and an 8GB model priced at $599. They would officially go on sale on June 27th of 2007, and they would be an instant hit. Jobs had tons of customers nationally all waiting outside of the store wanting to get their hands on an iPhone. By November of the same year, 1.4 million phones had been sold. Some features of the iPhone were pretty similar to the phone made by Canova, but just more advanced and modern. It was smaller, had the touchscreen ability, and had multiple different apps to call your friends or family, check the weather, and take pictures. With its outstanding success, Apple would go and and continue designing different models of iPhones and are now on their 35th version with the recent news and release of the new iPhone 14 and iPhone 14 Plus. 

The cultural impact that smartphones have had on this generation is something I don't think many people could have predicted in the past years. They have become a necessity in today's world, and no one can go anywhere without them. They have shaped communication in both good and bad ways. The smartphone really does give you the ability to connect with anyone at any time anywhere around the globe. Although some people might say that they are "addicted" to their phones, it is without a doubt the most influential cultural tool of our past generation, and will continue to be for the next few years. 

The Progressive Era

When people talk about war in the United States, it can be traced back thousands and thousands of years, to before the United States was declared independent. If you think about some wars that the United States has won, you think of the Revolutionary War to grant our independence, the Spanish-American War, or even the Civil War, which ultimately preserved the United States as we know it. But if we look at some wars that the United States has participated in since 1945, how many have they actually won? The United States has fought in five major wars since then. These include them spending time in Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Kuwait. Besides the Gulf War in Kuwait, all these other wars can't be classified as a clear successful win. This to me, makes it clear that the United States can no longer win wars as they were once able to. So why are people who post anti-war posts and have websites not being shown to the public to show their thoughts?

 

To find these anti-war sources, it seems that a person would have to do some digging throughout the internet in order to find them. Two big sources that are used in the anti-war movement are Antiwar.com and The American Conservative. Both of these sites are big into posting news about certain wars that the main press are scared to talk about to the public. These kind of sites that are not shown in daily news are speaking the truth about what is really going on in the United States that the main media won't tell you. When looking at Antiwar, the site is devoted to the cause of non-interventionism and is read by libertarians, pacifists, leftists, "greens," and independents alike, as well as many on the Right who agree with our opposition to imperialism. They say that Antiwar.com is already fighting the next information war, and that they are dedicated to not letting leaders get away unopposed. The American Conservative has been around since 2002, and was created to reignite the conversation that conservatives ought to have engaged in since the end of the Cold War. Their vision is similar to Antiwars, and that they are trying to conserve what is great about America. 

I think everyone can agree when saying that no one in the United States wants to go to war, especially a nuclear one. A nuclear war would end in billions of people dying all over the world, and would provide no help to any cause. Countries like North Korea who have these super nuclear weapons need to be stopped. Although I do agree when saying that it would be very stupid to go to war with the North Koreans, but it terms of trying to stop them from ending the world, that might be something countries come together to fight for. No one wants to see another World War, because the aftermath it would bring would be catastrophic to the world. 

The History of the Television

 

The television has had such a massive effect on not only American, but society as a whole. Ever since the television was first produced in the mid 1900s, it has become very popular in all homes around the world, but especially the United States, with 98 percent of U.S. homes having at least one television set by the late 1990s. It has had a massive effect on how we socialize and what we talk about in conversation. Whether someone is watching traditional broadcast TV, cable TV, or streaming through the Internet or with DVDS and Blu-ray discs, television was brought to entertain and bring news to people all over the world. 

The first concept of television was created in 1927 by a 21 year old inventor named Philo Farnsworth. Farnsworth. His idea was of a system that could capture moving images in a form that could be coded onto radio waves and then transformed back into a picture on a screen. On September 7th, 1927, Farnsworth camera tube transmitted its first image, which was just a simple straight line. This line was transmitted to another room in his lab in San Francisco, and to his surprise, it worked! Pem Farnsworth, Farnsworth's wife, restated in 1985 that his assistants were stunned, and were quoted saying, "There you are - electronic television!". Later in the year 1928, this massive breakthrough would headline in tons of popular and important newspapers around the world. 

By 1948, television production began to grow tremendously. Specifically, in July of 1948, there were about 350,000 television sets in the United States alone. Most of these televisions were in cities scattered along the eastern coast, with more than half of them being in New York City. At the end of 1948, nearly 2 million television sets were in American homes. These television sets gave owners a variety of stations that they could tune in to. People could watch movies on NBC, along with newscasts on NCBS TV news, which is now CBS. The next big innovation in television was that RCA introduced the first ever color television set. Although it was not as popular as they thought, this really started what he known now as the "Golden Age" of television. It continued its growth into the 60s and 70s, with cable TV becoming more popular than ever due to the concept of pay-service-cable became a thing. In New York City, customers would be able to watch local basketball and hockey games right from their TV with cable. Later on networks that would be specifically designed by a cable system started to appear on the market.

New technologies would start to appear over the course of the next few years. in the 1980s. videocassette recorders became available, which would give viewers the chance to record and replay programs of their choosing. The number of cable networks grew massively in the 90s, with not only there being an increase in broadcast networks, but also direct-broadcast satellite television multiplied channels that viewers would be able to watch. Another big part in the television timeline was that the federal government gave each television broadcaster an additional channel which introduced high-definition television, or HDTV. 

Television has to be the most influential tool in all of history. It has given us the chance to watch some of the world's all-time moments. From the moon landing, to famous sporting events like the Olympics and World Cups and NBA finals, to many political moments, it has allowed us to expand our minds with information that we could not really get with just a book. It has allowed us to hear about news from all over the world, news that would be very hard to come by if we did not have it. We should all credit Philo Farnsworth for his work, because if not for him, we would not have most of the knowledge we have today.